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Introduction to PHP ConstantsPHP Constants are variables whose values, once defined, cannot be changed, and these constants are defined without a $ sign in the beginning. PHP Constants are created using define() function. This function takes two parameters first is the name, and the second is the value of the constant defined.
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The name of the constant starts using letters or underscores and not with a number. It can start with a letter or underscore followed by letters, underscores or numbers. The name is case-sensitive and in uppercase. After a constant is defined, it cannot be undefined or redefined again. It remains the same throughout the script and cannot be changed as the variables do.
Syntax with ExplanationA constant is a name for a particular value. To define a constant, we have to use the define() function and to get the value of the constant; we just need to specify the name.
define(name, value, case-insensitive);where name is the name of the constant,
value is the value of the constant,
case-insensitive is either true or false, by default, it is false.
define('TEXT', 'Hello World!');A constant can also be defined using const construct.
<?php const MSG = "WELCOME"; echo MSG; How to Create Constants in PHP using Various Methods?To create constants, we have to use a simple define function, which takes two parameters, first the name of the constant second the value to be stored. The name is by default in uppercase. It does not start with a $.
Example #1Code:
<?php define("TEXT", "Hello World!"); echo TEXT;Output:
In this example, we will be using a const construct to define a constant named TEXT. We have used const followed by the name of the constant and then the value. It can be assigned a value using an assignment operator =.
Once we have defined the constant, to access the defined constant TEXT, we will echo the name with the constant keyword, as shown below.
Example #2Code:
<?php const TEXT = 'PHP PROGRAMMING!'; echo TEXT; echo constant("TEXT");Output:
Example #3In the below example, we are defining a TEXT constant with a value. Also, in the same program, we have defined a function Demo(). We have declared the TEXT constant outside the function Demo. Here we see that we can access the constant TEXT from within the function. This means once you define the constant, it is globally available in the script.
Code:
<?php define("TEXT", "Hello World!"); echo TEXT; function Demo() { echo TEXT; } Demo(); Rules and Regulations for PHP ConstantsThe following are the rules to define PHP constants.
should not start with a $.
should not start with a number.
should not start with an underscore.
start with a letter and follow by numbers.
start with a letter and follow by an underscore and numbers.
Let us look at the below statements.
<?php define("TEXT","PHP"); //valid define("TEXT1", "PHP"); define("1TEXT", "PHP"); //invalid define("1_TEXT", "PHP"); //invalid define("TEXT_1", "PHP"); define("__TEXT__", "PHP"); // valid but should be avoided Magic ConstantsIt starts with a double underscore
__LINE__
__FILE__
__FUNCTION__
__CLASS__
__METHOD__
1. __LINE__This gives the current line number.
Code:
<?php echo 'I am at Line number '. __LINE__;Output:
2.__FILE__This gives the filename along with the file path of the file. It can be used to include a file in a script.
Code:
<?php echo 'FILE NAME '. __FILE__; 3. __FUNCTION__This gives the name of the function in which it is declared. It is case-sensitive.
Code:
<?php function show() { echo 'In the function '.__FUNCTION__; } show();Output:
4. __METHOD__ , __CLASS__This gives the name of the method and the name of the class in which it is declared. In the below example, we have defined the MainClass and two methods within it, the show method and the test method. Inside the show method, we have printed the __CLASS__, which gives the class name and inside the test method, we have printed the __METHOD__, which gives the method name, test.
Code:
<?php class MainClass { function show() { } function test() { } } $obj = new MainClass;Output:
ConclusionThis article, it is explained about PHP constants and magic constants with examples. These examples help to create their own constants and use them in the script with the help of the given syntax. This article also explains the rules on how to create PHP Constants and then how to use them within the script with different methods.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to PHP Constants. Here we discuss the introduction, syntax, and examples to create constants in PHP along with magic constants. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –
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Complete Guide To Php Header() With Examples
Introduction to PHP header()
PHP header is an inbuilt function that is used to send a raw HTTP header to the client and it is mandatory that they actually manipulate the information which is sent to the client or browser before any original output can be sent. A raw request (like an HTTP request) is sent to the browser or the client before HTML, XML, JSON or any other output has been sent. HTTP headers contain required necessary information of the object which is sent in the message body more accurately on the request and its response.
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Syntax and ParameterBelow are the syntax and parameter:
Syntax
header_name() here is a mandatory field and sends the header string to be sent
Code:
<?php header('WWW-Authenticate: Negotiate'); echo ('header has been changed to WWW-Authenticate: Negotiate'); echo "n"; header('WWW-Authenticate: NTLM', false); echo ('header has been changed to WWW-Authenticate: NTLM');Output:
The header() here is used to send a raw HTTP header. This header hence must be called before any other output is been sent either by usual HTML tags, blank lines or from PHP. A few common mistakes are to read the code with include, access or any other require functions, having spaces or empty lines which are output before calling the header(). This problem also exists when we are using an individual PHP or an HTML file.
Return Values: header() function does not return any value. In header calls, there are 2 types: The first one starts with the string “HTTP/” (case insignificant) which is used to find out the HTTP status code to send.
Examples to Implement PHP header()Below are the examples:
Example #1Code:
<?php header("HTTP Error 404: Not Found"); echo ('Header been changed to HTTP Error 404: Not Found');Output:
Explanation: The second type is the Location header which sends the header back to a web browser and also returns back a REDIRECT status code to the browser until and unless status codes 201 or 3xx have been already sent.
Example #2Code:
<?php exit;Output:
Example #3Code:
<?php header('Content-Type: application/pdf'); header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="file.pdf"'); readfile('oldfile.pdf');Explanation: In this example, we are prompting the user to save the generated PDF file being sent to them. For this purpose, we use the Content-Disposition header to give a required file name and to force the web browser to show the save dialog.
Example #4Code:
<?php header("Cache-Control: no-cache, hence should-revalidate"); echo('Displaying header information: Cache-Control: no-cache, hence should-revalidate' );Output:
Explanation: In this example, we are using certain proxies and clients to disable the caching process of PHP. This is because PHP often creates dynamic content that should not be cached by the web browser or any other proxy caches which come in between server and browser.
Sometimes it may happen that the pages will not be cached even if the above said lines and headers are not incorporated in the PHP code. This is because a lot of options are available which a user can set for his browser that actually changes its default set caching behavior. Hence by using the above-mentioned headers we will be able to override all the settings which may cause the output of PHP script to be cached.
There is also another configuration setting called the session.cache_limiter which generates the correct cache-related headers automatically when different sessions are being used.
Example #5Code:
<?php header("Cache-Control: no-cache"); header("Pragma: no-cache"); <!-- PHP program to display <?php print_r(headers_list());Output:
Explanation: The above-given example is used to prevent caching which sends the header information to override the browser setting so that it does not cache it. We are using the header() function multiple times in this example as only one header is allowed to send at one time. This prevents something called header injection attacks.
Example #6Code:
<?php header( "refresh:10;url=example.php" );Output:
Explanation: This example above is used to redirect the user and to inform him that he will be redirected.
Example #7Code:
<?php $headers = apache_request_headers(); if (isset($headers['If-Modified-Since']) && (strtotime($headers['If-Modified-Since']) == ftime($t1))) { echo(‘’); } else { header('Content-Length: '.filesize($t1)); header('Content-Type: image/png'); print file_get_contents($t1); }Output:
Explanation: In the above example, we are using PHP headers to cache an image being sent and hence bandwidth can be saved by doing this. First, we take the image and check if it is already cached, this by setting the cache to IS current. If it is not current then we are caching the same and sending the image in the output.
Advantages of using header function in PHP
PHP headers are very essential in redirecting the URI string also to display the appropriate message such as “404 Not Found Error”.
PHP headers can be used to tell the web browser what type the response is, and the content type.
The redirect script which will be used at the beginning helps in saving time of execution and bandwidth.
Conclusion Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to PHP header(). Here we discuss an introduction to PHP header() along with appropriate Syntax, and top 7 examples to implement with proper codes and outputs. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more –
Working Of Md5() Functions In Php With Examples
Introduction to PHP md5()
The MD5() function of the PHP Programming Language will produce the hash of the string which is like encoding process. MD5() function works only on PHP 4, 5, 7 versions but for the other PHP version the hash encoder “md5()” may work or may not work mostly. Most of the times md5() function is not recommended to safely secure the passwords due to the function’s fast nature of encoding with the help of its inbuilt hashing algorithm. It accepts only two parameters. In those two only one is mandatory at all times.
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Syntax:
String md5 ($string, $getRawOutput)Explanation of Parameters in brief:
MD5() function of the PHP Programming Language takes two parameters at max. They are: $string parameter and $getRawOutput parameter.
$string: $string parameter will help us to expect the string to be hashed.
$getRawOutput: $getRawOutput parameter will help us to expect a Boolean value. For the TRUE result the function is going to return the HASH in raw binary format which is of the length 16.
Return type: The md5() function of PHP will return the hashed string ( it can either be in lowercase hex format character sequence which is of length 32 ( 32 character hexadecimal number )or for raw binary form which is of the length 16).
How do MD5() Functions work in PHP?MD5() function of the PHP Programming Language works for PHP 4, PHP 5 and PHP 7 versions up to now. Apart from these versions md5() function may not work mostly. It is a built-in function and by using the md5() function we initiate the HASHING algorithm inside of the PHP Programming Language. With the backend Hashing Algorithm, conversion of hashing of the specific numerical value/ string value/ any other will be done as needed. It is very helpful in the encoding process. MD5() function value will always be in 32 bit binary format unless second parameter is used inside of the md5() function. At that time md5() value will be 16 bit binary format.
Examples to Implement PHP md5()Below are the examples:
Example #1Code:
<?php $str1 = 'apples'; print "This is the value of HASH of apples :: "; $a1 = md5($str1); if (md5($str1) === '1f3870be274f6c49b3e31a0c6728957f') { echo "If the value of apples is :: 1f3870be274f6c49b3e31a0c6728957f then it will print :: "; } else{ }Output:
Example #2Code:
<?php $input_string1 = 'Pavan Kumar Sake'; echo '16 bit binary format :: '; $i1 = md5($input_string1,TRUE); echo $i1;Output:
Example #3Code:
<?php $k = 10; for($i=0;$i<=$k;$i++){ print "Hash code of $i :: "; print md5($i); } Example #4Code:
<?php $user1 = "Pavan Kumar Sake"; $pass1 = "pavansake123"; $user1_encode = md5($user1); $pass1_encode = md5($pass1); if (md5($user1)== "4c13476f5dd387106a2a629bf1a9a4a7"){ if(md5($pass1)== "20b424c60b8495fae92d450cd78eb56d"){ echo "Password is also correct so login will be successful"; } else{ echo "Incorrect Password is entered"; } } else{ echo "Incorrect Username is entered"; }Output:
ConclusionI hope you understood what is the definition of PHP md5() function with the syntax and its explanation, Info regarding the parameters in brief detail, Working of md5() function in PHP along with the various examples to understand the concept well.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to PHP MD5(). Here we discuss the introduction, syntax, and working of MD5() in PHP along with different examples and code implementation. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more –
Learn Php Require_Once With Programming Examples
Introduction to PHP require_once
The require_once function of the PHP Programming Language helps in including a PHP file in another PHP file when that specific PHP file is included more than one time and we can consider it as an alternative for include function. If a PHP script file already included inside our required PHP file then that including will be ignored and again the new PHP file will be called just by ignoring the further inclusions. Suppose if chúng tôi is one of the PHP script file calling chúng tôi with require_once() function and it don’t fine chúng tôi chúng tôi stops executing and will cause a FATAL ERROR.
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Syntax:
require_once(' PHP file with the path '); How require_once works in PHP?The require_once function of the PHP language works only once even though if we include a specific PHP file or files inside of the main PHP script file. We can include a PHP script file/files as many times as we need but only once the specific PHP will be included and executed for the display of the output of the program. This require_once concept works only for PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7 versions and may be for PHP 7+ versions it will work. This first check whether the specific .PHP file is already included or not. If already included then the require_once function will leave including same .PHP file. If not, the specific .PHP file will be included. It is a very useful statement of the PHP Programming Language.
ExamplesBelow are the examples to implement the same:
Example #1Syntax of the Main PHP File:
</head> Engineers, Physics Nerds, Tech Enthusiasts to provide the better content.
Syntax of chúng tôi file:
<?php echo “This is by implementing the require_once statement of PHP..”; echo “Now you are in the chúng tôi files content!! because of require_once but calling twice don’t works with this”;
Syntax of chúng tôi file:
<?php echo “This is by implementing the require_once statement of PHP..”; echo “Now you are in the chúng tôi files content because of require_once but calling twice don’t works with this!!”;
<?php echo “This is by implementing the require_once statement of PHP..”; echo “Now you are in the chúng tôi files content because of require_once but calling twice don’t works with this!!”;
Output:
Example #2This is also another example of implementing this function. Here in the main original file (index.php) file, require_once() function is used 7 times to include chúng tôi In the chúng tôi file, only the chúng tôi file is included using the method few times. Then in the chúng tôi file, only chúng tôi file a few times and it is to include the content of the chúng tôi Here we didn’t mention any text in the chúng tôi files but at last in the chúng tôi file only sum code is implemented and that code will be executed and displayed along with the main original PHP file’s content/code. Footer code will be displayed inside of the horizontal lines. You can check the output for a better understanding.
Syntax of the main chúng tôi file:
<hrgt; Engineers, Physics Nerds, Tech Enthusiasts to provide better content.
Syntax of the chúng tôi file:
<?php require_once 'header1.php'; require_once 'header1.php'; require_once 'header1.php'; <?php require_once 'footer1.php'; require_once 'footer1.php'; require_once 'footer1.php'; require_once 'footer1.php';Syntax of the chúng tôi file:
<?php $i=10; $j=90; $k = $i + $j; echo "This content is included from the chúng tôi file - Code from chúng tôi file"; echo "This the sum of $i and $j values :: "; echo $k;
Output:
Advantages ConclusionI hope you learned what is the definition of the require_once function of the PHP Programming Language along with its syntax, How the PHP require_once function works along with some examples of which illustrate function, Advantages, etc. to understand this concept better and so easily.
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How Crypt() Function Works In Php
Introduction to PHP crypt()
PHP crypt() function is a part of PHP string references whose main function is to return a hashed string using some special algorithms. PHP crypt() function is associated with the algorithms like DES, Blowfish or MD5 algorithms for its overall network and cryptographic encryption and decryption of string being passed from the crypt() function. Crypt() function vary from one function to another function in a way that behavior gets transformed accordingly to different operating system. It checks for all the available algorithms or if any need is there to install new algorithm for encryption.
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Syntax:
crypt(str,salt)
The syntax flows in a way that crypt function is a function which passes string and salt as a parameter.
str is a required string which specifies the string needs to be hashed in a one-way fashion.
salt is another optional parameter where a salt string to base the hashing on.
But PHP with versions of 5+ have salt as a parameter to pass carrying different algorithms like blowfish nodes, standard DES algorithm, extended DES and the blowfish algorithm.
How crypt() Function works in PHP?
Crypt is a one-way string hashing.
Salt as a parameter gets passed to crypt() function is optional. But if salt parameter is not passed then that key will be considered as weak hash.
To perform a good security, it is important to pass a very strong hashed key. A strong hash which is used to generate a strong salt and then applies a proper rounds of hash key rotation in a round robin fashion uses a password_hash.
Using a password_hash is a recommended method in a way it acts as a wrapper on top of the algorithm and makes the algorithm compatible with one-way hashing string.
As mentioned, these crypt() function works on an operating system which support many different operating systems which acts as a key.
The salt parameter passed with the string to the crypt function triggers to the salt algorithm. These functionalities work with the 4 version of PHP but the versions more than 5 .
PHP has a capability of creating an auto-generated key if no DES salt parameter is present. If in case it is related to the twelve-character key, then MD5 algorithm will create a one-way hashed key.
PHP crypt() Constants 1. CRYPT_STD_DESFirst constant which has a two-character salt parameter passed from the alphabet. Also, supports for the values supporting the digits with numbers of uppercase 0-9 and alphabets with upper case A-Z and lower case alphabets like a-z. crypt function will get failed if some invalid characters will be used while passing the salt parameter.
Example: A program to illustrate CRYPT_STD_DES constant.
Code:
<?php if (CRYPT_STD_DES == 1) { echo "Standard DES: ".crypt('educba','string')."n"; } else { echo "Do not support standard DES.n"; }Output:
2. CRYPT_EXT_DESThis constant is a type of extension to the DES based hashing function. If the salt parameter being passed has a nine character string followed by the parameter of 4 bytes, then only the algorithm will get satisfied.
Example: A program to illustrate CRYPT_EXT_DES constant.
Code:
<?php if (CRYPT_EXT_DES == 1) { echo "Extended DES: ".crypt('anu','_D8..dutta')."n"; } else { echo "It do not support for Extended DES.n"; }Output:
3. CRYPT_MD5This constant MD5 works with hashing function including crypt parallelly with a character of salt parameter having a length of twelve character.
Example: A program to illustrate CRYPT_MD5 constant.
<?php if (CRYPT_MD5 == 1) { echo "MD5: ".crypt('mansi','$1$trying$')."n"; } else { echo "Do not support for MD5.n"; }Output:
4. CRYPT_BLOWFISHThis constant support for the function with salt parameter containing some cost parameter ranging from “$” to 22. If the parameter value does not lie within the specified range, then it will return a string of zero-length. The cost parameter is considered as twice if the base of logarithmic value for the illustrated blowfish-based hashing algorithm. PHP versions of 5 and above supports for the given constant.
Example: A program to illustrate CRYPT_BLOWFISH constant.
Code:
<?php if (CRYPT_BLOWFISH == 1) { echo "Blowfish: ".crypt('sunrise','$1b$08$mkstringexforsaltparam$')."n"; } else { echo "It do not support for Blowfish.n"; }Output:
5. CRYPT_SHA256SHA-256 is a constant which is part of the algorithm with a hash value of sixteen character. If in case the string gets started with the round of $N hen it indicates number of times hashed function gets called and executes with the optimization and cost factor like Blowfish algorithm. Also, if the selection of numbers does not lie outside the range then the next value of the range will get approximation to the closest value of the range.
Example: A program to illustrate CRYPT_SHA256 constant.
<?php if (CRYPT_SHA256 == 1) { echo "SHA-256: ".crypt('sunfeast','$8$rounds=8000$examplestringforsaltofsalt$')."n"; } else { echo "It do not support for CRYPT_SHA256.n"; }Output:
6. CRYPT_SHA512This is a constant which is prefixed with some value like 6$. If the round function gets started with the value of taken round of number of salts , then it points for the optimized value same as Blowfish function. Also, it can be said that behavior of the constant is same as SHA-256 constant with just some mere differences.
Example: A program to illustrate CRYPT_SHA512 constant.
Code:
<?php if (CRYPT_SHA512 == 1) { echo "SHA-512: ".crypt('things','$9$rounds=9000$xamplestringof90salt$'); } else { echo " It donot support for CRYPT_SHA512 ."; }Output:
Note: The system with version of 5.3.0 contains implementation of its own type and will use that implementation if that system lacks the install then it will look for the constant and its related algorithm for self-installation and implementation.
Conclusion – PHP crypt()PHP crypt() function can encrypt the hashed string and is a one directional cryptographic method supporting the mentioned algorithm and it specifically supports for encryption not for decryption that is why it is named as one-directional algorithm.
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How Regex Works In Kotlin With Examples?
Introduction to Kotlin Regex
Web development, programming languages, Software testing & others
Syntax of Kotlin RegexIn kotlin language the regular expression is mainly used to find and search the text in the html contents and it provides the Regex() class to deal with the other default functions. It has many operators, operands, and other symbols to perform the operations in the kotlin application.
{ val vars1=”values”.toRegex() val vars2=”values1″ val res=regex.replace(vars2,”new”) val match=regex.matches(“values”)?.value —-some logic codes depends on the requirement— }
The above codes are the basic syntax for to utilizing the regular expression in the specified strings with the operands and operators like special characters and symbols.
How does Regex work in Kotlin? Examples of Kotlin RegexGiven below are the examples mentioned:
Example #1Code:
import java.util.Scanner; fun firstExample(num1: Int, str2: String) { println("Welcome User Integer is the first input and string type is the second input.") println("$it.") } } fun main() { val ptn = Regex("^b") println(ptn.containsMatchIn("abc")) println(ptn.containsMatchIn("bac")) println("Welcome To My Domain its the first example related to the kotlin regex expression") println("#############################################################") val q = arrayOf(8,2,4) q.forEach { println(it*it) } var s1 = Scanner(System.`in`) print("Please enter your Jewellery Shop:") var jshop = s1.nextInt() var out = when(jshop){ println("Your brand is not listed here") } } println(out) inp1["Model Name"] = "Dell Inspiron" inp1["Model Price"] = "35000" inp1["Model ID"] = "45632" for ((k, v) in inp1) { println("Thank you users your inputs are $k = $v") } val inp2 = mapOf("Model Name" to "HP", "Model Price" to 54000, "Model ID" to 89765) println("Your input Keys are:" + inp2.keys) println("Your input Values are:" + inp2.values) println("Thank you users have a nice day please keep and spent time with our application") firstExample(41, "Siva") firstExample(44, "Raman") }Output:
In the above example, we used the collection concept to perform the data operations with included the regular expression.
Example #2Code:
enum class pc(val x: Boolean = true){ Sony, Dell, Lenovo, Apple, Wipro, HCL; companion object{ fun pcdetails(obj: pc): Boolean { } } } fun compdetails(comp: pc) { when(comp) { } } fun main() { val urptn = "[a-zA-Z0-9]+" val fr = Regex(urptn) println(fr.matches("Siva_Raman")) println(fr matches "Siva_Raman") println(fr.matches("Siva_Raman")) val inp1 = Regex("ab.") res.forEach() { } println(res) var ptn = Regex("Welcome To My Domain its the second example that related to the kotlin regex expression?") println(ptn.matchEntire("Welcome To My Domain its the second example that related to the kotlin regex expression")?.value) println(ptn.matchEntire("Users Have a Nice Day")?.value) ptn = Regex("""D+""") println(ptn.matchEntire("Welcome To My Domain its the second example that related to the kotlin regex expression")?.value) println(ptn.matchEntire("Please spent the time with us")?.value) val uptn = "[a-zA-Z0-9]+" val sec = Regex(uptn) println(sec.containsMatchIn("Siva_Raman is the SOftware Support Engineer and it works in XYZ Company")) println(sec.containsMatchIn("!#$%")) }Output:
Example #3Code:
fun main() { val inp1 = listOf("Tamil", "English", "Physics", "Chemistry","Biology", "ComputerScience", "Engineering Graphics") val ptn = "Tamil".toRegex() println("*********************") println("Welcome To My Domain its the Third Example that related to the Kotlin RegEx expression") println("We used the other default regular expression method like ContainsMatchIn function") if (ptn.containsMatchIn(ls)) { println("$ls matches") } } println("*********************") println("Like that we used the Regular Expression matches function") if (ptn.matches(ls)) { println("Your input datas are matched and see below results : $ls matches") } } }Output:
In the final example, we used other pre-defined regular expression methods like matches and patterns to perform the user input operations.
ConclusionIn kotlin language, we used a lot of default methods, keywords, and variables to perform the operations in an application. Like that the application task varies depends upon the requirement among that regular expression is to find the string values and matches or compare with the same path or different path of the variable memory location.
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